ALGEBRA / THE HOW & THE WHY

Use the discriminant to understand quadratic roots

Find coefficients in standard form, classify the roots, and check the signs in the quadratic formula.

THE IDEA AT A GLANCEx = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac))/(2a)
01

Write zero on one side first

The formula applies to ax² + bx + c = 0, with a ≠ 0. Move every term to one side before identifying coefficients, and include zero for a missing term.

For x² = 5x − 6, the standard form is x² − 5x + 6 = 0. Its b value is −5, not 5. Carry the sign with the coefficient.

02

Read the discriminant

The discriminant D = b² − 4ac determines the root type. A positive D gives two distinct real roots; zero gives a repeated real root; a negative D gives a complex conjugate pair.

The ± symbol represents two calculations. Evaluate both the plus and minus branches, with the whole numerator divided by 2a. Parentheses prevent calculator-entry mistakes.

03

Check and interpret the roots

Substitution should make the original polynomial zero, allowing for numerical rounding. The sum of the roots is −b/a and the product is c/a, which provide additional checks.

The calculator returns approximate numerical roots, including complex roots. Very different coefficient magnitudes can exceed reliable floating-point evaluation and are rejected rather than shown as a misleading answer.

LET’S WORK IT THROUGH

Solve x² − 7x + 12 = 0.

  1. a = 1, b = −7, c = 12.
  2. D = 49 − 48 = 1.
  3. x = (7 ± 1)/2 gives 4 and 3.

THE ANSWERThe roots are 3 and 4.

YOUR TURN

A small check for understanding.

What type of roots does x² + 4 = 0 have?

Reveal the answer

Two complex roots, +2i and −2i, because the discriminant is −16.

Now try your own numbers.

The quadratic equation solver includes input guidance and the limits of its supported calculations. Use it alongside the method above.

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A note on precision: preserve exact fractions where possible and round numerical results at the end. Found an unclear step? Prepare a correction report.